Firstly, they sought to measure the emotion that participants themselves felt as a result of listening to the pieces, known as “ felt emotion”, asking the question, “How did you feel when listening to this musical stimulus?”. The researchers were keen to distinguish between two effects that music can have on emotions.
SAD EMOTION SERIES
In a series of four listening tasks, participants heard pieces of music individually and were asked after each piece to describe the emotion induced by it, by rating emotionally-descriptive terms from a list of 62 words, rating the aptness of the word on a scale of 0 to 4. Samples of three classical pieces, each approximately thirty seconds in duration, were chosen for listeners to experience: La Separation by Glinka in F minor, Etude “Sur Mer” by Blumenfeld in G minor and Allegro de Concierto by Granados, which was transposed into the key of G major for the purposes of the experiment. These two groups enabled the researchers to discern whether a knowledgeable appreciation of music influenced the way in which it affected a person’s emotions, with the expectation that, “When people listened to minor-key music, those with more musical experience would feel more pleasant emotion than would be indicated by their reported perceptions of the same sad music” ( Kawakami et al, 2013b). Seventeen people had existing musical experience or were studying music at college, whilst the remaining twenty-seven were studying an unrelated subject at college or had no obvious expertise in music. In the study, forty-four participants were asked to listen to a number of pieces of music. “If well-known music had been used for the experiment, then certain participants might have had personal memories connected with this music, and the emotion evoked would thus have been influenced by those memories”, Kawakami writes. However, for the purposes of the experiment, pop music and easily recognisable pieces were unsuitable to use when measuring participants’ moods.
Pieces composed in a major key, as many upbeat pop songs are, tend to be viewed as jolly and positive, whilst sad pieces are often written in a minor key. Kawakami noted that the range of notes used in a piece of music affected listeners’ perception of whether it is ‘happy’ or ‘sad’. In a paper, Sad music induces pleasant emotion, Kawakami described the findings of an experiment which contradict popular beliefs about music’s effect on the mood-states of listeners ( Kawakami et al, 2013b). Ai Kawakami, a researcher at the Brain Science Institute at Tamagawa University, Japan, questioned why a person would choose listen to a piece of sad music if they knew that it would lead to an undesirably sad mood. Brain Distinguishes 'Faked' Laughter From Authentic - Studyĭr.World Happiness Levels Mapped By Country In New Study.Do Emoticons Help Us To Better Communicate Emotions?.
The Name-Letter Effect: Why People Prefer Partners with Similar Names.
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